Menya byinshi byaranze Ubuzima bw’umwamikazi Elizabeth II watanze

Yabaye izingiro ry’impinduka za bwangu mu isi mu gihe ijambo ry’Ubwongereza ryakomeje gucyendera ku isi, sosiyete yarahindutse cyane ku buryo n’uruhare rw’ubwami rwibajijweho byinshi.

Gushobora kugumana ubwami muri ibyo bihe bikomeye byari ibintu bikomeye, cyane cyane ko mu gihe cy’ivuka rye, nta muntu wibazaga ko ingoma yari urwandiko rwe.

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, yavutse ku itariki ya 21 z’ukwezi kwa kane, mu mwaka wa 1926. Elizabeth na murumuna we, Margaret Rose, wavutse mu mwaka wa 1930, bigishirijwe iwabo mu rugo, aho bari bakunzwe cyane n’umuryango wabo.

Elizabeth n’umuvandimwe we, Margaret Rose wavutse mu 1930 bigishirijwe mu rugo banarererwa mu muryango urimo urukundo. Elizabeth yahoraga hafi cyane ya se na sekuru, George V.

Bivugwa ko yerekanye ububasha bwo kugira inshingano akiri muto cyane. Winston Churchill, wabaye minisitiri w’intebe, yaje kuvuga ko Elizabeth yari afite “umwuka w’ubuyobozi udasanzwe mu bwana”.

Afite imyaka 6, Elizabeth yabwiye umuntu wamwigishaga kugendera ku ifarasi ko yifuzaga kuba “umugore wo mu giturage ufite amafarasi menshi n’imbwa.”

N’ubwo bwose atagiye kwigira ku ishuri nk’abandi bana, Elizabeth yerekanye ko yari afite ubushobozi bwo kwiga indimi no kwiga amateka y’itegekonshinga.

Bamushyiriyeho itsinda ridasanzwe ry’abakobwa b’abagide (Girl Guides) kugira ngo abashe gusabana n’abakobwa bo mu kigero cye.

Izamuka ry’ubushyamirane

Umwami George V amaze gutanga muri 1936, umuhungu we mukuru witwaga David, yahise amusimbura afata izina rya Edward VIII.

Ariko kuko byari bimukomereye cyane kugirango umugore we Wallis Simpson, wari waratandukanye n’abagabo bashakanye inshuro ebyiri, abashe kugirirwa icyizere mu Bwongereza kubera impamvu za politiki n’idini.

Edward wa VIII yamaze ku ngoma gusa umwaka umwe kuko yahise yegura.

Se wa Elizabeth, Duke wa York, yahise aba umwami, afata izina rya George wa VI, n’ubwo asa n’utari ubishishikariye cyane.

Nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose, Elizabeth yahuye n’ingorane zitari nke kugira ngo icyifuzo cye cyo gusezerana n’igikomangoma Filipo gishyirwe mu bikorwa.

Umwami George wa VI yabonaga umukobwa we Elizabeth akiri muto cyane kandi n’igikomangoma Filipo hari bamwe batari bamwishimiye n’ubwo bwose yari yarwanye intambara ya kabiri y’isi.

Mu 1939, igikomangomakazi yaherekeje Umwami n’Umwamikazi ku ishuri ry’ingabo zo mu mazi i Dartmouth.

Ari kumwe n’umuvandimwe we Margaret, yari ari kumwe na mubyara we, igikomangoma cy’Ubugereki Philip.

Si ubwa mbere bari bahuye, ariko ni ku nshuro ya mbere yari amwitayeho cyane.

Philip yasabye benewabo b’ibwami igihe yari mu kiruhuko mu ishuri ry’ingabo z’amazi- kandi mu 1944, igihe yari afite imyaka 18, Elizabeth byagaragaraga ko yari ari mu rukundo na we. Yashyize amafoto ye mu cyumba cye banandikirana amabaruwa.

Igikomangomakazi yagiye mu ishuri ryigisha abafasha b’ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) hafi y’irangira ry’intambara, yiga gutwara imodoka no gukanika ikamyo.

Ku munsi wo kwibuka intsinzi y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi, uzwi nka VE Day, yari kumwe n’umuryango w’ibwami mu ngoro iri i Buckingham mu gihe ibihumbi by’abantu bari bateranye bibuka irangira ry’intambara mu Burayi.

Yibuka agira ati: “Twabajije ababyeyi banjye niba dushobora kujya hanze tukihera ijisho.” “Ndibuka ko twari dufite ubwoba bwo kumenyekana. Ndibuka imirongo y’abantu bataziranye bafatanye amaboko bagenda bagana i Whitehall, twese twarishimye cyane tuniruhutsa.”

Nyuma y’intambara ubushake bwe bwo kurongorwa n’igikomangoma Philip bwahuye n’inzitizi nyinshi.

Umwami ntiyari yishimiye kubura umukobwa we kandi Philip na we yari afite imbogamizi z’ibwami bamubonaga nk’umuntu ufite ibisekuru mu mahanga.

Urupfu rwa se

Ariko ubushake bwabo bwaraganje ndetse ku itariki ya 20 z’ukwa cumi na kumwe 1947 bashyingiraniwe i Westminster Abbey.

Philip wahinduriwe izina akitwa Duke wa Edinburgh, yagumye mu ngabo zirwanira mu mazi. Nibura mu gihe gito, aho yari mu kazi i Malta byasobanuraga ko urugo rwabo rwashoboraga kwishimira ubuzima busanzwe.

Umwana w’imfura wabo, Charles, yavutse muri 1948, akurikirwa na mushiki we Anne, wavutse muri 1950.

Ariko rero, umwami George wa VI, kubera umunaniro (stress) ukabije yatewe n’imyaka igihugu cyamaze kiri mu ntambara, yari ameze nabi cyane kubera indwara ya kanseri y’ibihaha yatewe n’imyaka myinshi yamaze anywa itabi ryinshi.

Mu kwezi kwa mbere k’umwaka wa 1952, Elizabeth wari ufite icyo gihe imyaka 25, we n’umugabo we, ikingomangoma Filipo bahagarariye umwami mu rugendo mu mahanga.

Umwami, n’ubwo bwose abaganga bari bamubujije kugira aho ajya, yarabaherekeje, abageza ku kibuga cy’indege.

Niyo nshuro ya nyuma Elizabeth yabonye se ari muzima.

Elizabeth yumviye inkuru y’urupfu rwa se igihe yari muri Kenya, maze ahita agaruka igitaraganya i Londres nk’umwamikazi mushya w’Ubwongereza.

Niwe ubwe wasabye ashimitse ko iyimikwa rye mu mwaka wa 1953, rinyuzwa kuri televiziyo.

Yaje kwibuka uko byari bimeze agira ati:

“Bisa n’aho ntari mfite umuntu ndeberaho. Dada yapfuye ndi muto, ubwo rero gukomerezaho byari ibintu bihutiyeho no kugerageza gukora ibyo ushoboye”.

Australia na New Zealand

N’ubwo minisitiri w’intebe, Winston Churchill, atari abishyigikiye, iyimika rye mu kwezi kwa gatandatu 1953, ryacishijwe kuri televiziyo.

Abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni bakurikiranye uwo muhango ku mateleviziyo yabo, abenshi muribo, ikaba yari inshuro ya mbere kuribo bareba televiziyo igihe Elizabeth yarahiriraga kuba umwamikazi.

Mu gihe Ubwongereza bwari bukiri mu bihe byo kwizirika umukanda nyuma y’intambara, abanyamakuru babonye iyimikwa nk’umuseke w’ibihe bishya bya Elizabeth.

Intambara ya Kabiri y’isi yatumye ijambo ry’ubutegetsi bwa cyami bw’Ubwongereza rigabanuka, kandi mu gihe umwamikazi mushya yatangiraga urugendo rwe rurerure mu bihugu byari byibumbiye mu muryango Commonwealth, w’ibihugu byahoze bikoronijwe n’Ubwongereza mu kwezi kwa cumi na kumwe 1953, byinshi mu bigugu byari mu maboko y’Ubwongereza, birimo n’Ubuhinde byari byarabonye ubwigenge.

Elizabeth yabaye umuntu wa mbere w’ibwami wasuye Australiya na New Zealand. Bivugwa ko ugereranyije bitatu bya kane by’ababanya Australiya baje kureba umwamikazi.

Mu myaka ya za 1950, ibindi bihugu byatangiye kumanura ibendera ryarangaga Ubwongereza, ndetse kujya mu muryango wa Commonwealth biza guhinduka umuryango wo kujyamo ku bushake.

Abanyapolitike benshi bumvise ko umuryango mushya wa Commonwealth wari guhangana n’umuryango w’ibihugu byibumbiye mu Burayi, ndetse ku rugero rumwe, politike z’Ubwongereza zagiye ku murongo utandukanye n’uw’uyu mugabane.

Kwibasirwa n’igitero

Ariko icyendera ry’ingufu z’Ubwongereza ryihutishijwe n’ibibazo byo mu bunigo bwa Suez mu 1956, igihe byagaragaraga ko Commonwealth itari yunze ubumwe ku buryo yakemura ibibazo by’ingutu.

Icyemezo cyo kohereza ingabo z’Ubwongereza kugerageza kuburizamo kwikubira ubunigo bwa Suez byakorwaga na Misiri byarangiye mu buryo bw’ikimwaro cyo kuzibukira ndetse bitera iyegura rya Minisitir w’Intebe Anthony Eden.

Ibi byateye umwamikazi kwinjira mu ruhando rw’amajye ya politike. Ishyaka ry’aba Conservative nta ngamba ryari rifite zo gutora umuyobozi mushya, ndetse nyuma y’ibiganiro byinshi, umwamikazi yasabye Harold Macmillan gushinga guverinoma nshya.

Umwamikazi yanisanze mu nkuru y’ikinyamakuru ku gitero cyagabwe kuri Lord Altrincham. Mu nkuru, yavuze ko urukiko rwe yari “urwongereza cyane”, kandi “yo mu bakungu bo hejuru” akanashinja umwamikazi ko atashoboraga kuvuga ijambo ryoroshye atifashishije inyandiko.

Aya magambo yateje ikobe mu itangazamakuru ndetse Lord Altrincham yaje kwibasirwa n’umuntu wamugabyeho igitero mu muhanda wari umwe mubagize itsinda ry’abambari b’Ubwami bitwaga League of Empire Loyalists.

N’ubwo byari bimeze gutyo, ibi byerekanye ko umuryango w’Ubwongereza wari urimo guhinduka kandi n’uburyo abantu babonaga ubwami byari guhinduka vuba bikanibazwaho ibibazo.

Guhindura inyito y’Ubwami

Abishishikarijwe n’umugabo we, umwamikazi yatangiye kugendera ku murongo mushya.

Inyito yakoreshwaga yitwaga Monarchy (wagereranya n’ubwami bufite ubutegetsi nyabwo) yahinduwe iba “the Royal Family”. (wagereranya n’ubwami ariko bufite ubutegetsi bw’umuhango).

Icyo gihe na none umwamikazi yaje kuba hagati y’ikibazo cya politike mu 1963, Harold Macmillan yegura ku mwanya wa minisitiri w’intebe.

Kubera ko ishyaka ry’aba Conservative ryari ritarabona uburyo bwo guhitamo umuyobozi mushya, umwamikazi yakurikije inama ashyiraho Earl of Home mu mwanya we.

Byari ibihe bitoroshye ku mwamikazi.

Umwamikazi yari akomeye cyane ku burenganzira bwe bwo kumenyeshwa, gutanga inama no kubura ariko ntiyigeze ashaka kurenza aho.

Iyo ni yo nshuro ya nyuma yashyizwe muri uwo mwanya. Aba Conservative babonye inzira mu ishyaka rishya ryari rivutse ndetse uburyo bushya bushyirwaho.

Ibihe bituje

Mu mpera y’imyaka ya 1960, ubwami bw’Ubwongereza bwiyemeje kwerekana abagize umuryango w’ibwami nk’abantu bashobora kwegerwa na rubanda rusanzwe.

Wanakozweho ikiganiro cya televiziyo, BBC yemerewe gufotora abagize umuryango w’umwamikazi iwabo mu rugo.

Herekanywe abo mu muryango w’ibwami bari iruhande rw’icyocyezo (barbecue), batunganya igiti cya Noheli, basohokana abana babo mu modoka,muri make bakora ibintu abantu basanzwe bakora, ariko byari ubwa mbere bigiye ahagaragara.

Icyo kiganiro cyagize uruhare rukomeye kugirango ikizere abaturage bari bafitiye umuryango w’ibwami cyongere kigaruke.

Muri 1977, isabukuru y’imyaka 25 yari amaze ku ngoma, yizihizanywe ibyishimo byinshi mu mihanda no mu birori binyuranye byabaye hirya no hino mu gihugu; byabaye nkibyerekana ko abaturage bakunze cyane ubwami; ibyo ariko byatewe ahanani n’umwamikazi Elizabeth wa II ubwe.

Muri iyo myaka, Ubwongereza bwari bufite ministri w’intebe wa mbere w’umugore; uwo akaba yari Margaret Thatcher.

Amahano n’ibyago

Bimwe mu bihe bikomeye bivugwa, naho umwamikazi yari afitiye urukundo rudasanzwe umuryango wa Commonwealth yari abereye umukuru.

Elizabeth wa II, yari azi neza abayobozi b’ibihugu bya Afurika y’abirabura kandi agasa n’uwumva cyane ibibazo byabo.

Bivugwa ko byamugoye kwumva imyitwarire yo guhangana ya Margaret Tchatcher; cyane cyane kubona yaranze gushyigikira ibihano byari byarafatiwe ubutegetsi bwagenderaga kuri politiki y’ivanguramoko muri Afurika yepfo.

Nyuma y’intambara yo mu kigobe cya Golfe muri 1991, umwamikazi yasuye Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, icyo gihe bikaba byari ubwa mbere umwami cyangwa se umwamikazi ageza ijambo imbere y’intekonshingamateko na Senat byahuriye hamwe.

Ariko hashize umwaka umwe gusa, umuryango w’ibwami wahuye n’ibibazo bitoroshye:

Umuhungu wa kabiri w’umwamikazi, Duke wa York n’umugore we Sarah baratandukanye.

Hanyuma byaramenyakanye ko igikomangoma n’igikomangomakazi cya Wales batari babanye neza nk’umugore n’umugabo; nyuma baje gutandukana.

Uwo mwaka warangiranye n’inkongi y’umuriro ikomeye yibasiye ingoro ya Windsor umwamikazi yakundaga cyane.

Icyo gihe habaye impaka z’urudaca, abaturage bibaza niba amafaranga yo gusana iyo nzu agomba gutangwa n’umwamikazi ku giti cye, cyangwa se agomba kuva mu misoro y’abaturage.

Icyubahiro mu gihe cy’impaka kuri ejo hazaza h’ubwami

Umwamikazi yivugiye ubwe ko umwaka wa 1992 wamubereye umwaka mubi cyane; hanyuma mu ijambo yavugiye i Londres, yabaye nkuwerura avuga ko hakenewe ubwami abantu bishyikiraho, bityo n’ibitangazamakuru ntibikomeze kubwikoma.

Ubwo Buckingham Palace, ingoro nkuru y’umwamikazi, yafunguriye imiryango yayo abashaka kuyisura hagamijwe gukusanya amafaranga yo gusana ingoro ya Windsor, hanyuma kandi bitangazwa ko igikomangoma n’igikomangomakazi cya Wales bazajya bishyura imisoro ku mafaranga bashoye.

Mu mahanga, ikizere kenshi umwamikazi yari afitiye umuryango wa Commonwealth akima ingoma cyarayoyotse kuko Ubwongereza bwirengagije ibihugu byakoranaga cyera maze bushishikazwa cyane no gukorana cyane n’ibihugu by’Uburayi.

Umwamikazi yari akibona akamaro ka Commonwealth anashimishwa cyane no kubona Afurika y’Epfo, yaje kurangiza ubutegetsi bw’ivangura rishingiye ku ibara ry’uruhu ryari rizwi nka apartheid. Yabyishimiye akora urugendo mu kwezi kwa gatatu 1995.

Mu gihugu, Umwamikazi yakomeje icyubahiro cy’ubwami mu gihe rubanda rwibazaga niba ubwami bufite ejo hazaza.

Urupfu rw’igikomangomakazi Diana

Ubwami bwahinze umushyitsi kandi n’umwamikazi ku giti cye aranengwa cyane ku buryo budasanzwe nyuma y’urupfu rw’igikomangomakazi Diana, wahitanywe n’impanuka y’imodoka i Paris mu mwaka wa 1997.

Mu gihe abantu benshi bari bakoraniye hanze y’amazu y’ubwami ari mu mujyi wa Londres, bafite indabyo, baje guhererekeza igikomangoma Diana, umwamikazi bisa nkaho atashishikajwe cyane no kwerekana ko abantu bose bagomba kumureberaho igihe ibintu byabaga bikomeye cyane mu gihugu.

Impfu n’ibirori

Mu mwaka wa 2002, urupfu rwa nyina w’umwamikazi n’igikomangoma Margaret, mu mwaka Elizabeth wa II yizihijemo isabukuru y’imyaka 50 yari amaze ku ngoma, byabangamiye ibirori byagombaga gukorwa mu kwibuka iyo sabukuru.

Ariko ntibyabujije abantu bagera kuri miliyoni imwe guteranira imbere ya Buckingham Palace ibyo birori buri buke biba.

Mu kwezi kwa kane, muri 2006, abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi, bakikije imihanda yahitwa Windsor, igihe umwamikazi yahazungurukaga n’amaguru – ibintu ubundi bidasanzwe -mu kwibuka imyaka 80 ye y’amavuko.

Mu kwezi kwa 11, muri 2007, we n’igikomangoma Filipo, bibutse imyaka 60 bari bamaranye basezeranye.

Misa yo kwibuka iyo sabukuru, yabereye mu kiliziya ya Westminster Abbey, yitabirirwa n’abantu 2.000.

Mu kwezi kwa 4 muri 2011, umwamikazi yitabiriye imihango yo gusezerana hagati y’umwuzukuru we, igikomangoma William n’umugore we Catherine Middleton.

Mu kwezi kwa gatanu kuwo mwaka, Elizabeth wa II, yabaye umwamikazi wa mbere wasuye ku mugaragaro igihugu cya Repubulika ya Ireland.

Uruzinduko rwasobanuraga byinshi mu mateka maremare hagati y’ibyo bihugu byombi.

Kamarampaka

Nyuma y’umwaka, mu ruzinduko yagiriye muri Irelande y’Amajyaruguru mu birori byo kwizihiza imyaka 50 yari amaze ku ngoma, yahanye ikiganza n’uwahoze ari umuyobozi w’umutwe wa IRA, Martin McGuinness.

Byari ibihe bikomeye ku bwami aho mubyara w’umwamikazi, Lord Louis Mountbatten, wari ukunzwe cyane yishwe n’igisasu cya bombe cyatezwe na IRA mu 1979.

Ibirori by’imyaka 60 byazanye abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi ku mihanda kwishima ndetse abandi babikorera mu mujyi wa London mu mpera z’icyumweru (weekend).

Kamarampaka yo kumenya niba Scotland yabona ubwigenge ikivana ku buyobozi bw’Ubwongereza mu kwezi kwa Cyenda 2014, cyari igihe gikomeye ku mwamikazi. Abantu benshi bibukaga ijambo yavugiye mu nteko ishinga amategeko mu 1977 yiyemeza kurinda no gusigasira ubumwe bw’Ubwongereza.

Mu ijambo yavuze mbere y’umunsi wa kamarampaka ya Scotland, umwamikazi yavuze ko yizeraga ko abantu bari butekereze neza kuri ejo hazaza.

Ibyavuye mu matora bimaze kumenyekana, ijambo rye ryumvikanyemo ijwi ryo kwiruhutsa ko ubumwe bw’ubwami bwari bukimeze neza. Ariko yemeye ko umujyo wa politike wahindutse.

Yagize ati:

“Ubu rero, ubwo turi kureba imbere, twagombye kwibuka ko n’ubwo hari ibitekerezo bitandukanye byerekanywe, dusangiye urukundo rwa Scotland, ari rwo kimwe mu bintu bidufasha kunga ubumwe.”

Ku itariki ya 9 z’ukwa Cyenda 2015 yabaye umwamikazi wategetse igihe kirekire mu mateka y’ubwami bw’Ubwongereza, aca kuri nyirakuruza Umwamikazi Victoria. Mu gisa no kwanga kubigira birebire, yavuze ko uwo muhigo “atari ikintu yaharaniye kugeraho.”

Nyuma y’umwaka umwe, mu kwa Kane 2016 yizihije isabukuru y’imyaka 90 y’amavuko.

N’ubwo ubwami butari bukomeye cyane ku mpera z’umwamikazi nk’uko byari bimeze mu ntangiriro, ariko yari agifite ubushake bwo gukomeza umurongo wo gushyira urukundo n’icyubahiro mu mitima y’Abongereza.

Igiohe yizihizaga imyaka 25 yari amaze ku ngoma, yibutse amasezerano yakoze igihe yasuraga Afurika Y’Epfo mu myaka 30 yabanje.

“Igihe nari mfite imya 21 niyemeje gukorera abaturage bacu kandi nsaba Imana ngo imfashe kubigeraho. N’ubwo iryo sezerano narikoze nkiri mu myaka y’ubuto, ngihuzagurika mu gufata ibyemezo, simbyicuza, nta jambo na rimwe nakuraho.”