Impaka ziracyari zose mu kwemeranya niba u Rwanda rwaba rwarakozwemo ubucuruzi bw’abacakara

Impaka ziracyari zose ku banyamateka mu kwemeranya niba u Rwanda rwaba rwarakozwemo ubucuruzi bw’abacakara, bwasize Abanyafurika basaga miliyoni 15 bagurishijwe nk’amatungo hagati ya 1526 na 1900.

Ubucakara bwabaye mu Rwanda ni ingingo itavugwa cyane cyangwa se ngo ivugweho rumwe bitewe n’ubuke bw’abayikozeho ubushakashatsi, ariko ibimenyetso simusiga bitandukanye bigaragaza ko bwahabaye, bugakorwa by’umwihariko ku bakobwa, abagore n’abana bakaguranwa ihene n’imyenda.

Abandi bavuga ko bwabaye mu bihugu byari bitarahura n’u Rwanda ngo bireme igihugu kimwe, nko mu Gisaka, ariko ubu ni ibice byemewe by’u Rwanda.

Ubuhamya bw’Abanyarwanda bari bariho ubwo abazungu bageraga mu Rwanda, inyandiko z’abapadiri bera bahageze bwa mbere, abashakashatsi bo mu mahanga n’abo mu Rwanda benshi bagaragaje ko ubucakara bwari bwarasagambye mu myaka ya 1900 ndetse i Muhanga hari isoko rikuru bagurishwagamo nk’abagura amasuka.

Igitabo Histoire du Rwanda cy’iyahoze ari Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge (2016) guhera kuri paji 137 cyemeza ko ubucakara mu Rwanda bwahabaye nubwo bitari ku kigero gikomeye nk’ibyabaye mu bihugu nka Tanzania na Congo.

Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili ntabwo yifuzaga ko abarabu bagera ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, ariko ibwami bari bakeneye ibikoresho bigezweho nk’imyambaro kandi aribo babicuruza, ari nabwo yemeraga ko abakozi b’Abarabu batangira gucuruza mu Rwanda, bagatwara n’abacakara.

Ni ukuvuga ko Abarabu atari bo bazaga mu Rwanda kugura abacakara, ahubwo boherezaga abanya-Tanzania.

Bati “By’umwihariko abagurishwaga babaga ari abakozi bo mu rugo n’abandi babaga bafashwe mu minyago […] n’abana babaga baturuka mu miryango ikennye mu gihe cy’inzara”.

Ubushakashatsi bwiswe “Le commerce de traite au Rwanda sous le régime Allemand (1896-1916) bwakozwe na Bernard Lugan, bugaragaza ko u Rwanda rwari igihugu gisa nk’igifunze mbere y’umwaduko w’abakoloni, ku buryo kukigeramo byari bigoye ku banyamahanga.

Ni mu gihe mu bihugu nka Tanzania bikora ku nyanja ndetse no muri Uganda, guhera mu 1830 abacuruzi b’Abarabu bari baramaze kuhashinga ibirindiro, bahagurisha imyenda, imitako, amasaro, imikufi n’ibindi, bakabigurana amatungo, abacakara n’ibindi.

Rwabugili yarakumiriye biba iby’ubusa

Inzobere mu mateka y’u Rwanda, Innocent Nizeyimana avuga ko ku ngoma ya Kigeli Rwabugili, atigeze na rimwe ashyigikira ubucakara nubwo hari ababikoraga rwihishwa.

Ati “Nubwo Rwabugili yarwanyaga icuruzwa y’Abanyarwanda, hari ababacuruzaga mu buryo bwa magendu, ndetse hakaba ari ahantu hazwi mu mateka ko hacuririzwaga Abanyarwanda mu buryo bw’ibanga. Aho ni ku Kivumu mu Karere ka Muhanga, Rugerero na Byahi mu Karere ka Rubavu ahitwaga mu Bugoyi, Rwaza mu karere ka Gisagara (hafi ya Save), ahitwa Mubuga muri Gakenke (Bukonya) ndetse na Rukira mu Karere ka Ngoma ahitwaga mu Gisaka. ”

Mu guhangana n’abacuruzaga abacakara, Nizeyimana avuga ko umwami Rwabugili yashyizeho abantu bategeraga mu mayira abacuruzi b’abantu babaga bavanye muri Congo abana n’abagore, bakabagura ibirenze ibyo batanze u Rwanda rukabagumana kuko rwabababonagamo amaboko n’imbaraga z’ahazaza.

Nyuma y’inama ya Berlin mu 1884 ubwo ibihugu by’i Burayi byigabanyaga Afurika, nibwo u Rwanda rwatangiye gufungura amarembo ku bacuruzi benshi b’abanyamahanga.

Uretse kuba ibwami barashakaga byinshi mu bicuruzwa by’abarabu nk’imyenda, indi mpamvu ni uko u Rwanda rwari rwahawe u Budage ari nabwo bwagenzuraga Tanzania, ku buryo amategeko abadage bashyiragaho, cyane cyane ajyanye n’ubucuruzi, yabaga ahuye mu bice bugenzura.

Ni nabwo Abarabu n’idini ya Islam batangiye kwinjira mu Rwanda nk’uko bigarukwaho na E. Johanssen mu gitabo cye “Ruanda: Kleine Anfänge Grosse Aufgaben”, aho avuga ko “Abacuruzi b’Abaswahili n’Abarabu bigishaga Korowani buri gihe bakurikiraga ahari abayobozi b’abakoloni, ari na yo mpamvu ahabaga hari inyubako z’ubuyobozi ari ho habaga ari izingiro rya Islam.”

Muri icyo gihe kandi nibwo amadini nka Kiliziya Gatolika yari ari gusakara mu bice bitandukanye by’u Rwanda arangajwe imbere n’abapadiri bera, abaturage bakagenda barushaho kumenya ibijya mbere.

Igitabo Histoire du Rwanda kivuga ko ubucuruzi bwagaragaye cyane hagati y’imyaka ya 1890 na 1906. Hagati ya 1905-1906 byatewe cyane cyane n’inzara ikomeye yibasiye u Rwanda yiswe ‘Kimwaramwara’.

Isoko ry’abacakara i Muhanga

Nubwo bivugwa ko ubwami butari bushyigikiye icuruzwa ry’abacakara, ntabwo bivanaho ko bwabaye ukurikije inyandiko nyinshi z’amateka.

Niba hari ubuhamya bwakwizerwa kurusha ubundi ku mateka y’u Rwanda mu mwaduko w’abakoloni, ni ubw’abapadiri bera na Kiliziya Gatolika kuko basaga nk’aho ari bo bageraga ku baturage cyane kurusha undi wese waba waranditse ku mateka y’u Rwanda.

Impamvu ni uko Kiliziya Gatolika yari ifite za misiyoni twafata nka Paruwasi kuri ubu, zinyanyagiye hirya no hino kandi zifite inshingano zo gukusanya amakuru ku mibereho y’abaturage, ku buryo ku makuru menshi n’abakoloni babitabazaga.

Dukurikije amakuru yagiye akusanywa na Misiyoni za Kiliziya Gatolika zari ziri hirya no hino mu Rwanda mu myaka ya 1900, bigaragara ko ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bwakorwaga nubwo bitari ku kigero nk’ubwabaye muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba.

Hari isoko rivugwa ryari ku Kivumu (Muhanga) ryacuruzwagamo abacakara babaga bavuye mu bice bitandukanye by’u Rwanda, kandi iryo soko ryari rizwi n’umwami, dore ko ryari mu gice cyegereye ingoro ye.

Mu Ukwakira 1905 Misiyoni ya Marangara muri raporo zayo yanditse igira iti “Marangara na Kivumu ni ahantu hamaze igihe hari amasoko y’abacakara mu Rwanda. Bahazanwa bavuye mu duce dutandukanye cyane cyane mu Majyaruguru n’Uburengerazuba. Uhasanga abacuruzi b’abaswahili benshi. Bahafite n’inzu babamo.”

Tariki ya 1 Gashyantare 1907 Misiyoni ya Kabgayi nayo muri raporo yayo yanditse igaragaza ko ku Kivumu hari isoko rizwi rigurishirizwamo abacakara.

Bagize bati “Umubyeyi Bikira Mariya yatuzaniye umwana uri hagati y’imyaka 10 na 12 wakuwe mu ntoki z’abacuruzi b’abacakara. Nyirarume yahamuzanye amubeshya ko baje gusura bene wabo bahatuye. Yamuzanye amugeza i Kivumu ahari isoko rimaze igihe rigurishirizwamo abacakara. Batubwiye ko haba abacakara benshi […] ni ahantu hatoranyijwe kuko hasa nko mu masangano y’uduce twose.”

Abo bapadiri bera i Kabgayi bavuze ko bifuza ko iryo soko ryafungwa, gusa bagaragaza impungenge z’uko ibwami (kwa Yuhi V Musinga) ntacyo bibabwiye.

Bagize bati “Hari umutware wagurishije umwana wo mu muryango we. Yavuze ko ngo yashakaga imyenda yo kwambara. Urebye abatware nibo babihagarikiye. Birashoboka ko umwami na we abishyigikiye kuko isoko riremera mu maso ye kandi ku karubanda.”

Mujawimana Eugenie mu gitabo yanditse asoza Kaminuza mu 1982 yise “Le commerce des esclaves au Rwanda” yemeza ko mu Rwanda hariho uduce abacakara bagurishirizwagamo nka Kivumu ari naho hari isoko rinini, utundi duce twari Bugoyi, Rwanza hafi ya Save, Mubuga na Byahi.

Abapadiri bera baza mu Rwanda, ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bwari buhari kubera ko mu 1900 ubwo ibwami bamenyaga ko hari igihiriri cy’Abanyaburayi binjiye mu Rwanda, babanje gukeka ko baba ari abacuruzi baje kugura abacakara.

Padiri Brard washinze misiyoni ya Save ari nayo ya mbere yashinzwe ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, yanditse ko nibura buri cyumweru mu Rwanda hanyuraga igihiriri cy’abacakara cyangwa ihene bajyanywe ku byambu byo muri Tanzania.

Mu 1900 Musenyeri Hirth Joseph wayoboye Kiliziya Gatolika bwa mbere mu Rwanda, yavuze ko “Hashize igihe mu Gisaka no hirya no hino mu Rwanda haturuka abacakara. Abatware iyo bashaka imyenda, bagurisha abana b’abakobwa.”

Abagore n’abana baguranwe ihene n’imyenda

Mu 1903 Padiri Pouget wayoboraga Misiyoni ya Zaza mu Burasirazuba na we yagize ati “Abajinja (bo muri Tanzania) baracyazana imyenda bakayiha abatware, bakabaha abagore n’abana b’abakobwa cyangwa se abahungu bajyanywe mu bucakara. Buri gihe twakira ababyeyi baza kutubwira ko abana babo babuze kandi abatware baba babifitemo uruhare.”

Raporo ya Misiyoni ya Rwaza muri Musanze y’ubu tariki 28 Kamena 1906, nayo bagaragaje ko ubucuruzi bw’abantu bwakorwaga mu Rwanda, ahanini bitewe n’inzara cyangwa se imibereho mibi.

Bagize bati “Dufite amasoko aho ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bwahindutse ubusanzwe. Kubera inzara bamwe bagurisha abagore n’abana babo ngo babone ibiribwa n’amatungo. Abalera bazana abana n’abagore babo bakabambutsa Nyabarongo kubagurisha. Bavuga ko ari inzara ibibatera. Mu isoko rya Kivumu babagurana ihene n’ibimasa.”

Kubera inkundura yari i Burayi na Amerika yo guhangana n’ubucakara, bishoboka ko abapadiri bera n’abakoloni mu Rwanda batari bashyigikiye ubwo bucuruzi, ari nayo mpamvu baburwanyaga cyangwa bakabwandikaho kenshi.

Nko muri Kamena 1906, ingabo z’Abadage zabohoje abagore batanu bo mu gace k’Umulera (Amajyaruguru), bari bagiye kugurishwa n’imiryango yabo mu isoko rya Kivumu.

Mu nyandiko nyinshi zivuga ku bucakara bwaba bwarabaye mu Rwanda, abacuruzwaga babaga ari abana, cyane cyane abakobwa n’abagore.

Misiyoni ya Rwaza yagaragaje ko umugore wabyaye ku isoko rya Kivumu yaguranwaga ihene zigera kuri esheshatu, umukobwa muto zikaba zagera kuri 15. Ahanini abagurwaga amatungo, ni abagurwaga n’abanyarwanda bafite gahunda yo kongera kubagurisha ku Barabu n’abakozi babo, ngo babahe imyenda n’ibitambaro.

Igitabo Histoire du Rwanda kivuga ko igiciro abarabu batangaga ku mucakara cyagenwaga hagendewe ku bwiza, imyaka, ndetse n’aho ugurishwa akomoka.

Umwana uri munsi y’imyaka itatu yaguranwaga imyenda ibiri, umugore ukiri muto bamugurishaga ibitambaro bitatu byo kwifubika cyangwa se hagatanga imyenda 15.

Abacakara babaga bagurishijwe abanyamahanga ku isoko rya Kivumu, banyuzwaga mu Bugesera bagakomereza mu Gisaka bakagera muri Tanzania aho Abarabu babaga babategereje.

Abagore n’abana nibo amateka agaragaza ko bagurishwaga mu Rwanda, bakajyanwa n’Abarabu